Development and Validation of the SELFIE Scale for English Pre-Service Teachers' Instructional Self-Efficacy

Nelson F. Padchonga 1 Philippines , Novelyn L. Alitan 1 Philippines , Cecil G. Abilang 1 Philippines , Ceria Mae G. Simalong 1 Philippines
1 Department of Secondary Education, Benguet State University, Philippines
Link Copied!
Published 2026-09-01
Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026) PAGES 64-79
DOI 10.51574/ijrer.v6i1.5304
Views / Downloads 16 2

This study developed and validated the Self-Efficacy in English Language for Instructional Effectiveness (SELFIE) Scale, an instrument designed to measure the perceived instructional competence of English pre-service teachers. Anchored on a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design, the study first gathered qualitative data from college supervisors, cooperating teachers, and English pre-service teachers to identify the knowledge, skills, and attitudes deemed essential for internship readiness. Thematic analysis organized these expectations into the domains of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, which informed the construction of an initial 100-item instrument. The quantitative phase then established the scale's psychometric soundness. Three experts in English education and educational assessment evaluated each item's relevance and clarity, producing high item-level and scale-level content validity indices. Pilot testing with 269 English pre-service teachers revealed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.986). Exploratory Factor Analysis confirmed a three-factor structure consistent with the knowledge-skills-attitudes framework, explaining 51.7% of the total variance, while Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the model's adequacy through acceptable fit indices. Findings affirm that the SELFIE Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing English pre-service teachers' self-efficacy in instructional effectiveness. Its application may enhance teacher preparation programs by informing curriculum refinement, guiding pre-internship interventions, and supporting evidence-based evaluation of student teachers' instructional readiness

Padchonga, N. F., Alitan, N. L., Abilang, C. G., & Simalong, C. M. G. (2026). Development and Validation of the SELFIE Scale for English Pre-Service Teachers’ Instructional Self-Efficacy . ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review , 6(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v6i1.5304
More Citation Formats
Download Citation

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
  1. Abdraimova, B., Gelişli, Y., Akhmetova, M., & Kulgildinova, T. (2025). Enhancing Cultural and Linguistic Competencies in Pre-service Teachers Through Technology-Integrated Learning: A Comparative Study: B. Abdraimova et al. Interchange, 56(2), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-025-09538-1
  2. Abraham, J. (2021). Self-efficacy and the inclusive teacher. BU Journal of Graduate Studies in Education, 13(1), 47-51. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1303965
  3. Almazroa, H., & Alotaibi, W. (2023). Teaching 21st century skills: Understanding the depth and width of the challenges to shape proactive teacher education programmes. Sustainability, 15(9), 7365. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097365
  4. Barrot, J. S. (2019). English curriculum reform in the Philippines: Issues and challenges from a 21st century learning perspective. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 18(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2018.1528547
  5. Berkowitz, M. W. (2022). Implementing and assessing evidence-based character education. Journal of Education, 202(2), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574211026908
  6. Cabigon, M. (2015). State of English in the Philippines: Should we be concerned. British Council Philippines.
  7. Calkins, L., Wiens, P., Parker, J., & Tschinkel, R. (2024). Teacher motivation and self-efficacy: How do specific motivations for entering teaching relate to teacher self-efficacy?. Journal of Education, 204(2), 427-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574221142300
  8. Duffin, L. C., French, B. F., & Patrick, H. (2012). The Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale: Confirming the factor structure with beginning pre-service teachers. Teaching and teacher Education, 28(6), 827-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.03.004
  9. Evstigneev, M. N. (2024). A model of language and methodological pre-service teachers’ training based on artificial intelligence technologies. Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, 29(5), 1222-1238. https://doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-5-1222-1238
  10. Farrell, T. S. (2016). Surviving the transition shock in the first year of teaching through reflective practice. System, 61, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.07.005
  11. Fu, Y., & Wang, J. (2021). Assessing Mainstream Pre-Service Teachers' Self-Efficacy to Teach English Language Learners. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 153-174. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.1439a
  12. Gonong, G. O., Vocson, J. V., Balagtas, M. U., Rungduin, T. T., Pegg, J., Hardy, J., ... & McPhan, G. (2017). Philippine professional standards for teachers. https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/51982
  13. Hakim, N. A. M. L., Pairan, M. R., & Zakaria, M. I. (2025). Step-By-Step guide to calculating content validity index (CVI) for single constructs using excel. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(3), 1717-1726. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90300135
  14. Islam, M. A., Haji Mat Said, S. B., Umarlebbe, J. H., Sobhani, F. A., & Afrin, S. (2022). Conceptualization of head-heart-hands model for developing an effective 21st century teacher. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 968723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968723
  15. Korthagen, F. (2017). Inconvenient truths about teacher learning: Towards professional development 3.0. Teachers and teaching, 23(4), 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1211523
  16. Li, H. (2025). Reflective practice for pre-service teachers’ professional development. Sage Open, 15(3), 21582440251363136. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251363136
  17. Lu, C., & Chen, W. (2025). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Unpacking Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Classroom Practice: The Singapore Experience (pp. 39-74). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-8193-8_3
  18. Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of psychology, 139(5), 439-457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
  19. Madrunio, M. R., Martin, I. P., & Plata, S. M. (2016). English language education in the Philippines: Policies, problems, and prospects. English language education policy in Asia (pp. 245-264). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22464-0_11
  20. Martin, L. E., & Mulvihill, T. M. (2019). Voices in education: Teacher self-efficacy in education. The Teacher Educator, 54(3), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2019.1615030
  21. Masuwai, A., Zulkifli, H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2024). Evaluation of content validity and face validity of secondary school Islamic education teacher self-assessment instrument. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2308410. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2308410
  22. Matsumura, S., & Tatsuyama, T. (2024). Enhancing pre-service EFL teachers’ self-efficacy through the use of ELF in a multilingual world. Education Sciences, 14(4), 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040434
  23. Niazi, A. (2025). Education is the foundation of individual growth and social progress. Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities, 5(4), 80-83.
  24. Ouyang, R. G., Long, Y., Zhang, J. Q., & Cao, Z. (2023). Interventions for improving self-efficacy in patients after stroke based on self-efficacy-related principles of Bandura’s cognition theory: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 30(8), 820-832. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2023.2172832
  25. Örnek, G. T., Sönmez, Y., & Kan, A. (2023). Development of an Attitude Scale for the Use of Current Events in Social Studies. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 11, 167-179. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v11is1-july.6159
  26. Padchonga, N. F., Cosain, S. P., Calil, N. M. A. H., Betwag, A. K. M., & Pelila, J. R. O. (2025). Translanguaging as a pedagogical tool in Asia: Roles, challenges, opportunities, and effective practices. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(4), 954-967. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i4.3040
  27. Patterson, C., & Hartley, S. (2026). Pre-service teacher preparedness for their profession: a systematic review of the literature. The Australian Educational Researcher, 53(2), 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-026-00952-7
  28. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 29(5), 489-497. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20147
  29. Putra, E., & Yanto, M. (2025). Classroom management: boosting student success—a meta-analysis review. Cogent Education, 12(1), 2458630. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2458630
  30. Schmid, M., Brianza, E., Mok, S. Y., & Petko, D. (2024). Running in circles: A systematic review of reviews on technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Computers & education, 214, 105024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105024
  31. Shi, D., Lee, T., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2019). Understanding the model size effect on SEM fit indices. Educational and psychological measurement, 79(2), 310-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164418783530
  32. Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International journal of medical education, 2, 53. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
  33. Täschner, J., Dicke, T., Reinhold, S., & Holzberger, D. (2025). “Yes, I can!” a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies promoting teacher self-efficacy. Review of Educational Research, 95(1), 3-52. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543231221499
  34. Tutyandari, C. (2023). Exploring EFL preservice teachersʼ sense of self-efficacy in teaching: An Indonesian case. PASAA, 65(1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.58837/CHULA.PASAA.65.1.3
  35. Upadhyay, A. (2022). A study on the Role of Education in various facets of Human Development. International journal of management and development studies, 11(05), 13-16.
  36. Urkunova, A., Kennedy, K. J., Karabassova, L., & Ryspayeva, D. (2025). Preparing educators for global challenges: insights from pre-service teacher education. Cogent education, 12(1), 2529422. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2529422
  37. Üstündag, N., Aydogan, D., & Akar Vural, R. (2018). Developing Protective Factor Scale for Classroom Teachers: A Validity and Reliability Study= Ilkokul ögretmenleri için koruyucu faktör ölçegi gelistirme: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalismasi. International Journal of Curriculum and Instructional Studies, 8(1), 83-110. https://doi.org/10.31704/ijocis.2018.005

Copyright (c) 2026 Nelson F. Padchonga, Novelyn L. Alitan, Cecil G. Abilang, Ceria Mae G. Simalong

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

<< < 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Dimension Badge

Downloads

Downloads
Crossmark Badge
Crossmark Badge
Section
Articles
Keywords
English Pre-Service Teachers SELFIE Self-Efficacy Teacher Education