Project Based Learning in the Subject of Embedded System Programming: Students' Conceptual Understanding and Learning Outcomes

Putri Putri 1 Indonesia , Purnawati Purnawati 1 Indonesia , Mantasia Mantasia 1 Indonesia
1 Pendidikan Vokasional Mekatronika, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Link Copied!
Published 2025-12-27
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025) PAGES 813-823
DOI 10.51574/ijrer.v5i1.4474
Views / Downloads 303 153

This research is motivated by the low conceptual understanding and learning outcomes of students in the Embedded Systems Programming subject, which is often considered difficult due to the complexity of the material. The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the project-based learning model (PjBL) in improving conceptual understanding and learning outcomes among students at Vocational School 10 Makassar. The method used is a quasi-experiment with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The study population comprises all students from Vocational School 10 Makassar, with samples deliberately chosen: class XI Teli 1 serving as the experimental group and class XI Teli 3 as the control group. Data were collected through test instruments (pre-test and post-test) and student activity observation sheets. The findings showed a significant increase in the experimental class compared to the control class. The experimental class's average score on the post-test went from 41.36% to 83.10%, while the control class's score went from 42.66% to 45.62%. The t-test results showed a significance value <0.05, proving that the PjBL model effectively improved student learning outcomes. This research contribution provides recommendations for educators to implement the PjBL model sustainably as an innovative solution in teaching complex technical materials and its development in other subjects to improve the quality of vocational education.

Putri, P., Purnawati, P., & Mantasia, M. (2025). Project Based Learning in the Subject of Embedded System Programming: Students’ Conceptual Understanding and Learning Outcomes. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review , 5(1), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v5i1.4474
More Citation Formats
Download Citation

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
  1. Alhayat, A., Mukhidin, M., Utami, T., & Yustikarini, R. (2023). The Relevance of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) Learning Model with “Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar”. DWIJA CENDEKIA: Jurnal Riset Pedagogik, 7(1), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.20961/jdc.v7i1.69363
  2. Ali, M. (2021). Vocational students’ perception and readiness in facing globalization, industry revolution 4.0 and society 5.0. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1833, No. 1, p. 012050). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1833/1/012050
  3. Ali, Z. R., Idawati, I., & Suardi, S. (2025). Project Based Learning (PjBL) Model: Elementary School Students' Social Studies Learning Outcomes. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(4), 1456-1465. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i4.3904
  4. Almulla, M. A. (2020). The effectiveness of the project-based learning (PBL) approach as a way to engage students in learning. Sage Open, 10(3), 2158244020938702. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
  5. Azzahra, U., Arsih, F., & Alberida, H. (2023). Pengaruh model pembelajaran project-based learning (PjBL) terhadap keterampilan berpikir kreatif peserta didik pada pembelajaran biologi: Literature review. BIOCHEPHY: Journal of Science Education, 3(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.52562/biochephy.v3i1.550
  6. Bal, S., Sarıkaş, A., Yayla, A., Başpınar, U., Altınay, S., Baba, A. F., ... & Korkmaz, H. (2024). Technical teacher training program for engineering integration in K‐12 education. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 32(4), e22746. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22746
  7. Bunyamin, B. (2023). Internet of Things for Project-Based Learning in “Vocational High School Building Village Program”. JINoP (Jurnal Inovasi Pembelajaran), 9(2), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.22219/jinop.v9i2.26322
  8. Busnawir, B., Yuniawati, I., Mardiati, M., & Sitepu, E. (2025). The effectiveness of project-based learning in developing the 21st century skills. Darussalam: Journal of Psychology and Educational, 4(1), 35-50. https://journal.minangdarussalam.or.id/index.php/djpe/article/view/272
  9. Fanani, A., & Rizal, S. (2025). Implementation of Project-Based Learning Model in Improving Students' Learning Independence. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(2), 362-375. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i2.3042
  10. Fitrihana, N., & Nurdiyanto, H. (2024). Improving student competence through informatics-based vocational education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 7(2), 226-231. https://doi.org/10.29099/ijair.v7i2.1180
  11. Gabuardi, V. M. F. (2021). Project-Based Learning: boosting 21st century skills. Revista estudios, (43), 340-419. https://doi.org/10.15517/re.v0i43.49335
  12. Gaviria Alzate, S. J. O., Valencia Sánchez, W., & Arias, E. A. (2025). A socio-constructivist framework for tactical development in team sports: fostering critical thinking through collaborative learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1610750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1610750
  13. Goyal, M., Gupta, C., & Gupta, V. (2022). A meta-analysis approach to measure the impact of project-based learning outcome with program attainment on student learning using fuzzy inference systems. Heliyon, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10248
  14. Hidayat, H., Radya, A. F., & Wu, T. T. (2025). The Effect of Video Project Based Learning on the Practical Competency of Multilevel Turning: An Experimental Study. In International Conference on Innovative Technologies and Learning (pp. 102-111). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98197-5_12
  15. Markula, A., & Aksela, M. (2022). The key characteristics of project-based learning: how teachers implement projects in K-12 science education. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research, 4(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43031-021-00042-x
  16. Martin-Alguacil, N., Avedillo, L., Mota-Blanco, R., & Gallego-Agundez, M. (2024). Student-centered learning: some issues and recommendations for its implementation in a traditional curriculum setting in health sciences. Education Sciences, 14(11), 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14111179
  17. Mitry, M. M. (2021). Translating constructivism into pedagogy from philosophy to practice: Active project-based learning. The International Journal of Humanities Education, 19(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0063/CGP/v19i01/39-51
  18. Morales-Navarro, L., Fields, D. A., & Kafai, Y. B. (2025). Understanding growth mindset practices in an introductory physical computing classroom: high school students’ engagement with debugging by design activities. Computer Science Education, 35(4), 695-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2024.2317080
  19. Mourtzis, D., Angelopoulos, J., & Panopoulos, N. (2022). A Literature Review of the Challenges and Opportunities of the Transition from Industry 4.0 to Society 5.0. Energies, 15(17), 6276. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176276
  20. Qian, Y., & Lehman, J. (2017). Students’ misconceptions and other difficulties in introductory programming: A literature review. ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE), 18(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3077618
  21. Rochmawati, A., Wiyanto, W., & Ridlo, S. (2019). Analysis of 21st century skills of student on implementation project based learning and problem posing models in science learning. Journal of Primary Education, 8(4), 58-67. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/jpe/article/view/28753
  22. Rosca, C. M. (2024). Convergence Catalysts: Exploring the Fusion of Embedded Systems, IoT, and Artificial Intelligence. Engineering Applications of AI and Swarm Intelligence (pp. 69-87). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5979-8_4
  23. Saad, A., & Zainudin, S. (2022). A review of Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Computational Thinking (CT) in teaching and learning. Learning and Motivation, 78, 101802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101802
  24. Sappaile, B. I., Putro, A. N. S., Ahmad, S. N., Artayani, M., Zahir, L. A., & Andilah, S. (2023). Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek Dalam Penanaman Konsep Matematika pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(3), 8547-8557. http://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/3155
  25. Sugiyanto, S., Setiawan, A., & Hamidah, I. (2020). Integration of mobile learning and project-based learning in improving vocational school competence. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(2), 55-68. https://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/view/5470
  26. Tafakur, T., Retnawati, H., & Shukri, A. A. M. (2023). Effectiveness of project-based learning for enhancing students critical thinking skills: A meta-analysis. JINoP (Jurnal Inovasi Pembelajaran), 9(2), 191-209. https://doi.org/10.22219/jinop.v9i2.22142
  27. Vieira, M. C. C., Gouveia, R. C., & Dias, A. L. (2022). Interdisciplinary teaching activities for high school integrated to vocational education promoting reflections on industry 4.0 technologies and their implication in society. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 14(1), 75-89. https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/view/10967
  28. Wansyah, R., Fiteriani, I., & Erfayliana, Y. (2025). Project Based Learning Model Assisted by Mind Mapping Media: Student Creativity in IPAS Lessons at Public Islamic Elementary. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(4), 1336-1351. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i4.3825
  29. Wardah, I., Septaria, K., Mahbubah, K., & Mubarok, H. (2022). The effect of project based learning (PjBL) model on students’ science literacy in social studies subjects. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan: E-Saintika, 6(2), 108-119.
  30. Yoto, Marsono, Suyetno, A., Mawangi, P. A. N., Romadin, A., & Paryono. (2024). The role of industry to unlock the potential of the Merdeka curriculum for vocational school. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2335820. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2335820
  31. Yuyung, A. (2025). Project Based Learning in Physics Learning Material to Form Students' Islamic Character: A Systematic Literature Review. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(4), 1208-1218. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i4.3768
  32. Zajda, J. (2021). Constructivist learning theory and creating effective learning environments. In Globalisation and education reforms: Creating effective learning environments (pp. 35-50). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71575-5_3

Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Putri, Purnawati Purnawati, Mantasia Mantasia

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Similar Articles

<< < 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Dimension Badge

Downloads

Downloads
Crossmark Badge
Crossmark Badge
Section
Articles
Keywords
Conceptual Understanding Embedded Systems Project-Based Learning Vocational School