Analysis of Hand-Eye Coordination, Leg Strength, and Self-Confidence on High School Students' Volleyball Underhand Passing

Yuyung Afrilia 1 Indonesia , Muh. Adnan Hudain 1 Indonesia , Irvan Irvan 1 Indonesia
1 Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Link Copied!
Published 2026-04-27
Vol. 5 No. 3 (2026) PAGES 1607-1617
DOI 10.51574/ijrer.v5i3.4742
Views / Downloads 154 354

This research is driven by the need to identify the specific physical and psychological factors that influence the underhand passing performance of extracurricular volleyball students at High School 8 Bulukumba. The primary objective is to analyze the impact of hand-eye coordination, leg muscle strength, and self-confidence on this fundamental skill. Employing a quantitative methodology, the study utilized a purposive sampling technique to select 20 participants. Data were gathered through structured physical assessments and psychological questionnaires, then analyzed using multiple regression and t-tests. The empirical results indicate that all three variables significantly affect performance, both partially and simultaneously. Hand-eye coordination contributes 86% to passing ability (t = 2.304, p = 0.035), while leg muscle strength contributes 89.2% (t = 2.792, p = 0.013) as a vital foundation for body stability. Notably, self-confidence emerged as the most dominant factor, contributing 90% (t = 4.252, p = 0.001), confirming that psychological maturity is directly proportional to technical accuracy. Collectively, these three variables account for 96.1% of the variance in underhand passing skills. These findings offer a strategic framework for coaches to integrate mental fortitude with physical conditioning to effectively enhance the technical proficiency and competitive readiness of student-athletes.

Afrilia, Y., Hudain, M. A., & Irvan, I. (2026). Analysis of Hand-Eye Coordination, Leg Strength, and Self-Confidence on High School Students’ Volleyball Underhand Passing. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review , 5(3), 1607–1617. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v5i3.4742
More Citation Formats
Download Citation

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
  1. Akhir, M., Suwardi, S., Hudain, M. A., Fahrizal, F., & Kamaruddin, I. (2025). Underhand Passing Ability of Middle School Extracurricular Volleyball Students: Push Up and Pull Up Exercises. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(2), 433-445. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i2.3173
  2. Astuti, Y., Zulbahri, Z., Lawanis, H., Erianti, E., & Damrah, D. (2023). Self-Confidence Conceptual Model Development in Volleyball Learning Courses. Retos, 50, 1085-1090. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.100423
  3. Azizin, I., Hasmyati, H., & Asran, A. (2024). Inhibiting Factors for Learning PJOK Online Volleyball Material at Elementary School. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 3(4), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v3i4.341
  4. Bujang, M., Maya, N. D. T., & Velyan, M. Y. (2019). Effect of Leg Power, Arm Power, Eyes and Foot Coordination and Self Confidence on Back Attack Smash in Volleyball. In 2nd International Conference on Sports Sciences and Health 2018 (2nd ICSSH 2018) (pp. 42-45). Atlantis Press. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icssh-18/55914023
  5. Caldeira, P., Paulo, A., Veloso, A., Infante, J., Davids, K., & Araújo, D. (2024). How functional movement variability facilitates successful skill adaptation during the volleyball attack. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 19(2), 668-676. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231168012
  6. Cale, L. (2023). Physical education: At the centre of physical activity promotion in schools. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(11), 6033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20116033
  7. Esposito, G., Altavilla, G., Giardullo, G., Ceruso, R., & D’Isanto, T. (2024). The Effects of the Use of Plyometric Exercises with and without the Ball in the Development of Explosive Strength in Volleyball. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(3), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030126
  8. Fauzhi, M. I., & Hidayat, T. (2026). The effect of underhand passing training methods on the accuracy of underhand passing among volleyball players. Citius: Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga, dan Kesehatan, 6(1), 01-08. https://doi.org/10.32665/citius.v6i1.6287
  9. Hao, X. (2024). The influence of volleyball training on the psychological health development of college students. Revista de Psicología del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 33(1), 258-269.
  10. Heydari, A., Soltani, H., & Mohammadi-Nezhad, M. (2018). The effect of Psychological skills training (goal setting, positive selftalk and Imagery) on self-confidence of adolescent volleyball players. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, (4), 189-194.
  11. Li, X., Wang, D., Gao, S., & Zhou, C. (2024). Impacts of kinematic information on action anticipation and the related neurophysiological associations in volleyball experts. Brain Sciences, 14(7), 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070647
  12. Martin, Ș. A., Gavra, M. G., & Martin-Hadmaș, R. M. (2024). Analyzing targeted muscle strength: Impact on speed, endurance, and performance in female volleyball. Applied Sciences, 14(23), 10951. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310951
  13. Ningtyas, N. R., & Amrulloh, A. (2025). The Relationship of Agility, Reaction Speed, and Eye-Hand Coordination to Volleyball Forearm Passing Ability. Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport, 12(1), 42-49. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpehs/article/view/28539
  14. Ottoboni, G., Nicoletti, R., & Tessari, A. (2021). The effect of sport practice on enhanced cognitive processing of bodily indices: a study on volleyball players and their ability to predict hand gestures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105384
  15. Purnomo, D. H., Sir, I., & Amir, A. (2022). Using a Hanging Ball For Primary School Students on Volleyball Down Passing. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 1(3), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v1i3.300
  16. Putri, A. G. A. N., Ishak, M., Sahabuddin, S., AS, H., & Hudain, M. A. (2025). The Influence of Arm Muscle Strength And Hand-Eye Coordination on Volleyball Underhand Passing Ability as Viewed From The Motivation of Students At SMA Negeri 21 Makassar. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 17(2), 831-847. https://competitor.ojsunm.ac.id/index.php/competitor/article/view/71
  17. Qomarrullah, R. I., & Sokoy, F. (2024). The Role of Social Culture in the Physical Performance of Volleyball Players in Jayapura Regency. Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport, 11(1), 15-23. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpehs/article/view/6648
  18. Rifqi, M., Kamarudin, K., Alpen, J., & Yulianti, M. (2025). Contribution of Arm Muscle Strength and Eye-Hand Coordination Towards Volleyball Passing Ability of Physical Education Students. Indonesian Journal of Sport Management, 5(2), 379-387. https://ejournal.unma.ac.id/index.php/ijsm/article/view/14690
  19. Rizal, A., Burhanuddin, S., Suyudi, I., & Karim, A. (2025). The Use Of Pair Models To Improve Underhand Passing Skills In Volleyball Games Of FIKK UNM Students. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 17(3), 3559-3573. https://competitor.idjournal.eu/index.php/competitor/article/view/694
  20. Saputra, E. D., Kamadi, L., & Haeruddin, S. (2022). Efforts to Improve Achievement of Middle-School Students in Lower Passing Volleyball Games Through Wall Media. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 1(3), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v1i3.302
  21. Sitorus, M. A., Tarigan, D. R. N. S. B., Mahara, E. W., Bintang, D. S., Nababan, L., Marpaung, D. R., & Kurniawan, R. (2025). Evidence-Based Analysis Of Basic Volleyball Training Methods: Focus On Overhand Serves And Underhand Passes. STAMINA, 8(4), 166-177. https://doi.org/10.24036/jst.v8i4.1323
  22. Subarna, S., Tangkudung, J., & Asmawi, M. (2019). The effect of eye-hand coordination on self-confidence levels among indoor volleyball referees. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(4), 124-139. https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/6768
  23. Sujarwo, S. (2023). PROLIGA Volleyball Championships as a Sports Industry and Strengthening the Economy. In Proceedings of International Conference on Physical Education, Health, and Sports (Vol. 3, pp. 401-406). https://doi.org/10.15294/icophs.v3i1.2692
  24. Suhardiman, M. A., Hudain, M. A., Jamaluddin, J., Nur, M., & Hasyim, H. (2024). Smash Ability in Volleyball Games Senior High School: The Plyometric Training and Leg Muscle Strength. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 3(3), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v3i3.1881
  25. Uly, A., Hudain, M. A., Adil, A., Kamaruddin, I., & Fahrizal, F. (2025). The Effect of Drill Training on Underhand Passing Ability in High School Students. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(2), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i2.3172
  26. Widiatma, A. A., Hasmyati, H., & Asran, A. (2022). Student Motivation in Learning PJOK: A Study on Lower Passing Volleyball. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 1(4), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v1i4.310
  27. Wintle, J. (2022). Physical education and physical activity promotion: lifestyle sports as meaningful experiences. Education Sciences, 12(3), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030181
  28. Yasriuddin, Y., Nur, M., Gunawan, M. R., Fahrizal, F., & Hudain, M. A. (2024). The Pressure of Smash Training Using the Drill Method for Male Athletes' Volleyball Smash Skills. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 3(3), 158-165. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v3i3.1904

Copyright (c) 2026 Yuyung Afrilia, Muh. Adnan Hudain, Irvan Irvan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 > >> 

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Dimension Badge

Downloads

Downloads
Crossmark Badge
Crossmark Badge
Section
Articles
Keywords
Hand-Eye Coordination High School Leg Muscles Self-Confidence Volleyball